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What Is Cancer?
Cancer is the second cause of death in the United States, only surpassed by heart disease. Each year more than a million Americans get medical
care for cancer and over 330,000 die from the disease. More than 200 kinds of cancer affect human beings.
In 1900, cancer was almost always fatal. In the 1930’s fewer than one of
every five patients were saved. Today, doctors successfully treat one of
every three people who get cancer. Some experts believe that at least half of all
cancer patients could be saved if all present
knowledge were used promptly in every case.
Cancer is a general term for more than 250 diseases that are
characterized by uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells. Cancer cells can
spread through the blood and the clear fluid that bathes body cells called
lymph to start new cancers in other parts of the body. Normal cells can
convert to abnormal cancer cells. Cancer cells reproduce more rapidly
than normal cells and ignore normal regulations of when, how, and where
to grow.
Normal cells are more concerned with function than growth.
Cancer cells are more concerned with growth than function. Cancer cells
seem to be able to grow anywhere in the body. Different kinds of cancer
grow at different rates and respond to different kinds of treatments. But
all produce useless tissue and keep normal cells from getting
nourishment. Cancer cells that are not treated displace normal cells and
eventually destroy them.
Classification
Cancers are classified into two ways, one is the part of the body where the cancer cells
first develop and the second the type of body tissue where the cancer
begins. Cancer that starts in the tissue that forms the skin and linings of
the body organs is called carcinoma. Cancers of the skin, breast, and body
systems are carcinomas and are the most common cancer that begins in
the tissue that forms the body’s supporting structures is sarcoma. Some
examples are bones, muscles and cartilage.
Other types of cancer are skin, lung, colo-retal, breast, uterine-Cervix, ovary, vaginal, testicular, mouth and
throat, larynx, esophageal, stomach, pancreas, liver and bone. There are
many more.
How Cancer Is Diagnosed
Cancer has often been called the silent killer. It gives no warning of it’s
presence in the early stages. Cancer can be diagnosed during a physical
examination. In woman a doctor can check for cancer of the cervix and
the uterine by a pap smear test. The doctor can also use X-ray technology
to detect cancer. A biopsy is another method of accurately diagnosing
cancer. Doctors urge that every person have at least one complete physical
each year.
Seven Warning Signs
There are seven warning signs that a person should be aware of. Any of these symptoms one should consult a doctor promptly:
- Unusual bleeding or discharge.
- A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere.
- A sore that does not heal.
- Change in bowel or bladder habits.
- Hoarseness or a continuing cough.
- Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing.
- Change in a wart or mole.
Causes
No one knows exactly what causes cancer. Most scientists believe
that there is no single cause and that many factors maybe involved:
Viruses may cause cancer-producing changes in DNA.
- Contact with certain kinds of chemicals may cause cancer.
- A tendency to develop certain types. of cancer may be inherited.
- Ultraviolet radiation from the sun harms the skin because of the direct
exposure to sunlight.
- Cigarette smoking and air pollution are two main factors that are
increasing lung cancer.
Treatment
Cancer treatment has improved tremendously in the past 50 years. In
the 1930 s the disease was stopped in only about 20% of cancer patients.
Now that percentage is about 41%. Surgery has been used to treat breast
and intestinal cancer. This method has been successful. Surgery has
cured more cancers than radiation and chemotherapy. Radiation is
successful in stopping some forms of cancer such as cervical cancer.
Cobalt units are used in the treatment of radiation. It penetrates a tumor
without damaging the skin. These two methods, radiation and surgery are
used when the cancer is located in a local spot that has not spread through
the body. Chemotherapy is used to destroy malignant cells without
excessive destruction of the normal cells. Some risks of chemotherapy are
severe nausea, vomiting, and the loss of hair on head.
Prevention
Primary prevention refers to steps taken to prevent a disease from ever
developing. Prevention begins with the
individual and includes healthy eating habits, moderate alcohol
consumption regular physical activity, avoidance of cigarette smoking,
regular medical checkups and minimizing exposure to pollutants in the
air, water, and food.
Secondary prevention is early detection or screening (e.g., getting a pap smear
test for detection of early cervical cancer).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Understanding Cancer, Mark Renneker M.D., 1988
- Bull Publishing Company
- Cancer and Nutrition, Elizabeth Somer, MA, RD, 1990
- Health Media of America, Inc.
- Glencoe Health, Mary Bronson Merki, Ph.D., Don Merki, Ph.D.
Glencoe Publishing Company
- The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol 3,
Enterprises Education Corporation, 1986
- MonsterPapers, 2003
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